Russia Travel Guide:

       Travel Information

Russia: Add-on Destination (two of four globes)

Russia is a country with beautiful landscape, dramatic, historic architecture, and great resources.  It is, today, a country that is not attractive to many tourists.  We have placed Russia in the Add-on category because we believe that the tourist should limit the extent of their travel in Russia.  We suggest visiting Moscow, St. Petersburg, or cruising the rivers, waterways, and canals between the two for a wonderful vacation experience. The rest of Russia remains an elusive quarry for the casual traveler.

1. Russia is a vast and diverse nation that continues to evolve politically and economically. Travel and living conditions in Russia contrast sharply with those in the United States. Major urban centers show tremendous differences in economic development compared to rural areas.



2. While good tourist facilities exist in Moscow, St. Petersburg and some other large cities, they are not developed in most of Russia and some of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available.



3. ThereArePlaces recommends that you visit Russia only as part of a tour that has been arranged through a reputable service.  Russia is not a tourist friendly country, as reading this document will show.  Limit your touring to Moscow and St. Petersburg.  Although Russia is a country of glorious landscapes and unique culture, it does not provide a travel environment that makes tourism either easy or enjoyable. (Read our article on How to evaluate tour operators.)



4. If you are determined to visit Russia, read the information below before you make reservations.  This article on Russia is our longest.  Its length is mainly due to describing the cautions and difficulties that tourists in Russia may face during their travels.



5. ThereArePlaces recommended travel destinations for Russia are located at Russia Places To Visit. 
   
   
Additional information about traveling in Russia can be found at www.russia-travel.com  or  try the Russian National Tourist Office 130 West 42nd Street, Suite 412 New York, NY 10036 Telephone: 1-877-221-7120 toll-free in USA Telephone: +1 (212) 575-3431 Fax: +1 (212) 575-3434 Email: info@russia-travel.com .


7. When planning your travel, be sure to review the ThereArePlaces Travel Planning Guides for insights on how  to "travel well" and "travel safe".

Travelers to Russia need to be on guard against terrorism related to the situation in Chechnya.   We have ranked Russia with a yellow (caution) signal indicating that the potential for unsafe travel exists within the country.

• Acts of terrorism including bombings and hostage taking have occurred in Russia over the last several years. Bombings have occurred at Russian government buildings, hotels, tourist sites, markets, entertainment venues, schools, residential complexes, and on public transportation including the subway and scheduled commercial air flights. Hostage taking incidents have included a raid on a school that resulted in  losses of life of children, teachers, and parents.



• On April 4, 2006, the U.S. Department of State issued a public announcement warning Americans living and traveling in Russia that there remains a heightened potential for terrorist actions including attacks against civilians.  The announcement expires in October 0f 2006 (although these notices have continued to be renewed across the last several years).

1. American citizens living in Russia or traveling there for even a few days are strongly urged to register with the embassy or nearest consulate general. Registration will allow the embassy to provide direct information on the security situation as necessary. Registration is done on-line and can be done in advance of travel. Information on registering can be found at the embassy web www.usembassy.ru or at the Department of State's Consular Affairs website: https://travelregistration.state.gov .
   
   

2. The countries of the former Soviet Union do not provide health care and prevention systems that meet western standards.  Read our article on Health issues in Russia and Eastern European Countries for information on health risks and strategies for prevention.  Traveling in Russia or Eastern Europe without practicing the preventions described in this article is not recommended.  Check with the CDC for updates before you travel.
   
   

3. Outbreaks of diphtheria have been reported throughout the country, even in large cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend up-to-date diphtheria immunizations before traveling to Russia and neighboring countries.

   1. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend up-to-date diphtheria immunizations before traveling to Russia and neighboring countries.
      1. Typhoid can be a concern for those who plan to travel extensively in the region.
      2. Cases of cholera have also been reported throughout the area.
   
   
   2. Drinking bottled water can reduce the risk of exposure to cholera and other infectious and noxious agents. Tap water in Russia, outside of Moscow, is generally considered unsafe to drink. Travelers are strongly urged to use bottled water for drinking and food preparation.
      1.  Tap water in St. Petersburg is considered unsafe to drink due to giardia.
      2. Drinking bottled water can reduce the risk of exposure to cholera.
      
      
      
   3. Tuberculosis and HIV have been an increasing source of concern for Russian healthcare providers.
   
   
   
   4. Information on vaccinations and other health precautions may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's international traveler's hotline at (877) FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747); fax: 1-888-CDC-FAXX (1-888-232-3299), or via their Internet site at http://www.cdc.gov.
   
   
   
4. No specific travel warnings are in effect at this time.  Before you depart, always check with the Department of State   insure that this conditions have not changed.  In addition, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office  of the British Government provides excellent travel advisories.



5. Due to continued civil and political unrest throughout much of the Caucasus region, The Department of State continues to warn U.S. citizens against travel to Chechnya and all areas that border it: North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Stavropol, Karachayevo-Cherkessiya and Kabardino-Balkariya.
   • The U.S. government's ability to assist Americans who travel to the northern Caucasus is extremely limited. Throughout the region, local criminal gangs have kidnapped foreigners, including Americans, for ransom.
   • U.S. citizens have disappeared in Chechnya and remain missing. Close contacts with the local population do not guarantee safety.
   • Recently, there have been several kidnappings of foreigners and Russians working for non-governmental organizations in the region.
   • United States government personnel are prohibited from traveling to these areas, and American citizens residing in these areas should depart immediately as the safety of Americans and other foreigners cannot be effectively guaranteed.
   
   
   
6. The State Department's Overseas Citizens Services call center at 1-888-407-4747 can answer general inquiries on safety and security overseas. This number is available from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays). Callers who are unable to use toll-free numbers, such as those calling from overseas, may obtain information and assistance during these hours by calling 1-202-501-4444 .



7. Demonstrations occasionally occur in large cities, and sometimes in front of the U.S. Embassy and Consulates. While these demonstrations are for the most part peaceful and controlled, it is best to avoid such gatherings.



8. In Russia, you can contact Fire Department by dialing 01, Police Department - by dialing 02, Paramedics - by dialing 03.



9. The U.S. Embassy's consular section is located in Moscow at Novinskiy Bulvar; The Embassy's switchboard is 7 (495) 728-5000, American Citizen Services tel: (7) (095) 728-5577, after-hours emergencies: (7) (495) 728-5000, fax: (7) (495) 728-5084, email: moscowwarden@state.gov , and website: http://moscow.usembassy.gov/ .   See our article on how U.S. Counsels can help Americans abroad.
   U.S. Consulates General are located in:

   St. Petersburg
   15 Ulitsa Furshtadtskaya, St. Petersburg 191028
   Tel: (7) (812) 331-2600
   Fax: (7) (812) 331-2646
   Email: acsstpete@state.gov .
   Website: http://stpetersburg.usconsulate.gov/

   Vladivostok
   32 Ulitsa Pushkinskaya, Vladivostok 690001
   Tel: (7) (4232) 30-00-70
   Fax: (7) (4232) 30-00-91
   After-hours emergencies: (7) (4232) 71 00 67
   E-mail: conssect@gin.ru
   Website: http://vladivostok.usconsulate.gov/ 

   Yekaterinburg
   Ulitsa Gogolya 15a, 4th floor, Yekaterinburg 620151
   Tel: (7) (343) 379 3001
   Fax: (7) (343) 379 4515
   After-hours emergencies (7) 8 902 84 16653. Email: consulyekat@state.gov
   Website: http://yekaterinburg.usconsulate.gov

   Americans traveling in Russia  for even a few days are strongly urged to register with the embassy or nearest consulate general.  Registration will allow the embassy to provide direct information on the security situation as necessary.  Registration is done on-line and can be done in advance of travel.  Information on registering can be found at the embassy web www.usembassy.ru or at the Department of State's Consular Affairs website: https://travelregistration.state.gov .
   
   

10. When planning your travel, be sure to review the ThereArePlaces Travel Planning Guides for insights on how  to "travel well" and "travel safe".

A passport required is required for travel in Russia. 

The Russian government maintains a restrictive and
complicated visa regime for foreign travelers who visit, transit, or reside in the Russian Federation. The Russian system includes requirements of sponsorship, visas for entry and exit, migration cards, and registration.

• A valid visa is necessary not only to enter Russia but also to transit or leave.
• U.S. citizens without valid visas, whether the visa is lost, stolen, or expired will be unable to leave Russia.
  • Resolving this situation may take up to twenty days.
  • At the same time, travelers without valid visas may not check in at any lodging establishment (i.e. hotel, guesthouse, hostel) in Russia.
  • U.S. citizens without valid visas face long delays before they may leave and during this time may have trouble finding adequate accommodations.

American citizens who also carry Russian passports face additional complicated regulations. Dual citizen minors who travel on their Russian passports also face special problems.
Russian immigration and visa laws change regularly. The implementation of immigration laws has not always been transparent or predictable. In addition, Russian Immigration officials at times implement laws and regulations governing entry and exit inconsistently, especially in remote
areas.

If you do not have a passport, see our article on the Ins and Outs of Passports.  Other important travel documents, including visas are covered in our Information Guide on Passport, Visas, Customs.

For up-to-date information about Russian visas, visit http://www.russia-travel.com/visas/ .

The Russian government does not recognize the standing of U.S. consular officers to intervene in visa cases. The U.S. diplomatic mission in Russia is not able to act as sponsor, submit visa applications, register private travelers, or request that visas or migration cards be corrected, replaced, or extended. .

Entry Visas: Before traveling to Russia, U.S. citizens should verify the latest requirements with the nearest Russian Embassy or Consulate (for contact information for the Russian Embassy and Consulates in the United States, please refer to the last paragraph of this section).

• U.S. citizens must always possess a valid U.S. passport and appropriate visas for travel to or transit through Russia, whether by train, car, ship or airplane. Visas should be obtained from a Russian Embassy or Consulate in the U.S., or abroad in advance of travel, as it is impossible to obtain a Russian entry visa upon arrival. Travelers who arrive without an entry visa are not permitted to enter Russia and face immediate expulsion by route of entry, at the traveler's expense.



• U.S. citizens transiting Russia in route to any other country do need transit visas. In several instances, travelers were advised differently and erroneously by their travel agents or sponsors. The misinformation caused great delays and hardships. Similarly, Russia-bound U.S. citizens attempting to transit Belarus or Ukraine or the Central Asian republics without visas, have encountered great difficulties. U.S. citizens are strongly advised to check the visa requirements for all countries on their itinerary.



• A Russia entry/exit visa has two dates written in the European style (day, month, year).
  • The first date indicates the earliest day a traveler may enter Russia; the second date indicates the date by which a traveler must leave Russia.
  • A Russian Visa is valid only for those exact dates.
  
  
  
• Russian tourist visas are often granted only for the specific dates mentioned in the invitation letter provided by the sponsor.
  • United States citizens often receive visas only valid for periods as short as four days.
  • Even if the visa is misdated through error of a Russian Embassy or Consulate, the traveler will still not be allowed into Russia before the visa start date or be allowed to leave after the visa expiration date.
  • Any mistakes in visa dates must be corrected before the traveler enters Russia.
  • It is helpful to have someone who reads Russian check the visa before departing the United States.
  
  
  
• Visas are valid for specific purposes and dates. Travelers should ensure that they apply for and receive the correct visa that reflects their intended action in Russia (i.e., student visa, religious worker visa, commercial visa). Foreigners can be expelled for engaging in activities inconsistent with their visas.



• All travelers must list on the visa application all areas to be visited and subsequently register with authorities at each destination. There are several closed cities throughout Russia. Travelers who attempt to enter these cities without prior authorization are subject to fines, court hearings, and/or deportation. Travelers should check with their sponsor, hotel, or the nearest Russian visa and passport office before traveling to unfamiliar cities and towns.

Sponsorship: Under Russian law, every foreign traveler must have a Russian-based sponsor (a hotel, tour company, relative, employer, etc). Generally speaking, visas sponsored by Russian individuals are "guest" visas, and visas sponsored by tour agencies or hotels are "tourist" visas. Note that travelers who enter Russia on "tourist" visas, but who then reside with Russian individuals, may have difficulty registering their visas and migration cards and may be required by Russian authorities to depart Russia sooner than they had planned.

• Even if your visa was obtained through a travel agency in the U.S., there is always a Russian legal entity whose name is indicated on the visa and who is considered to be your legal sponsor. It is important for travelers to know who the sponsor is and how to contact him/her because Russian law requires that the sponsor must apply on the traveler's behalf for replacement, extension, or changes to a Russian visa. U.S. citizens are strongly advised to contact their tour company or hotel in advance to obtain the contact information of the visa sponsor.



• To resolve any visa difficulties (lost visa, expired visa), the traveler's sponsor must contact the nearest Russian visa and passport office (OVIR/UVIR) for assistance. Resolving the visa problem usually requires the payment of a fee and a wait of up to twenty calendar days.

Exit Visa: A valid visa is necessary to depart Russia. Generally, the visa issued by a Russian Embassy or Consulate is valid for entry and exit.  It is helpful to make a photocopy of your visa in the event of loss, but note that a copy of your visa will not be sufficient for leaving the country, as Russian border officials always ask for the original.

• Visitors who lose or have their U.S. passport and Russian visa stolen must replace their passport at the U.S. Embassy or one of the Consulates General, and then obtain a new visa to depart with the assistance of their sponsor (see above).



• Without a valid visa in their new United States passports, U.S. citizens cannot leave Russia.



• Visitors, who overstay their visa's validity, even for one day, will be prevented from leaving until their sponsor intervenes and requests a visa extension on their behalf (see above).



• By Russian law, travelers with an expired visa  may not check in at any hotel, guesthouse, hostel, or other lodging establishment in Russia.
  • There are no adequate public shelters or safe havens in Russia and the Embassy or the Consulates General have no means to accommodate such stranded travelers.

Migration Card: All foreigners entering Russia must fill out a migration card, depositing one part with immigration authorities at the port of entry and holding on to the other part for the duration of their stay. Upon exit, the migration card, which serves as a statistical tool and a record of entry, exit, and registration, must be submitted to immigration authorities. The card is also necessary to register at hotels, most of which will not allow a traveler to check in if he or she does not have a migration card.

• Migration cards, in theory, are available at all ports of entry from Russian immigration officials (Border Guards). The cards are generally left in literature racks at arrival points. Officials at borders and airports usually do not point out these cards to travelers and it is up to the travelers to find them and fill them out. From time to time, various ports of entry - even the major international airport in Moscow - run out of these cards. There is no mechanism to obtain such cards once a traveler has entered into Russia. The Russian government has not indicated what a traveler should do in such a case.



• Lost/stolen migration cards cannot be replaced. While authorities will not prevent foreigners who have lost their migration cards and have not replaced them with a duplicate from leaving the country, foreigners could experience problems when trying to reenter Russia at a future date.

Registration: Travelers who spend more than three days in the country must register their visa and migration card through their sponsor. However, travelers spending less than three days are advised to register their visas as well, since they may encounter problems finding lodging without proper registration.

• Travelers staying in a hotel must register their visa and migration card with their hotel within one day.A failure to register is unlikely to result in problems leaving Russia but travelers could experience problems when trying to reenter Russia at a future date.

Police have the authority to stop people and request their documents at any time without cause. Due to the possibility of random document checks by police, U.S. citizens should carry their original passports, registered migration cards, and visas with them at all times. Failure to provide proper documentation can result in detention and/or heavy fines. It is not necessary for travelers to have either entry or itinerary points in the Russian Federation printed on their visas.

American Citizens Also Holding Russian Passports: The United States government recognizes that dual nationality exists but does not encourage it as a matter of policy because of the problems it may cause. It expects American citizens to travel on U.S. passports. However, possessing and traveling on a Russian passport, outside of the United States, does not negate a traveler's American citizenship.

American citizens who choose to enter Russia on a Russian passport do face several possible difficulties.
U.S. citizens who have at one time held Russian citizenship are often required to renounce Russian citizenship before applying for a Russian visa in their U.S. passport. Unless a former Russian citizen has formally renounced his or her Russian citizenship through a Russian Embassy or Consulate, he or she always risks being considered a Russian citizen and not allowed to depart on any travel document except a Russian passport. This can also interfere with access to U.S. consular services in case of an emergency. This risk is greatly diminished if the traveler enters Russia on a U.S. passport and Russian visa.

• Such persons should also be aware that if their Russian passport expires after entry, Russian authorities will not permit them to depart Russia using their U.S. passport. They will be required to obtain a new Russian passport - a process that generally takes several months. Russian external passports extended by Russian Consulates or Embassies overseas are not considered valid for departure from Russia no matter how long the extension. Bearers of such passports will have to apply for a new passport inside the country.



• Males of conscript age (18 - 27 years old) who are deemed to be Russian citizens may experience problems if they have not satisfied their military service requirement.



• American citizen minors, who also have Russian citizenship, and who are traveling on their Russian passports, must have a power-of-attorney, written in Russian, allowing them to travel if they are traveling alone or in the company of adults who are not their parents.
  • Such minors will be stopped from leaving Russia if they cannot present such a power-of-attorney.

For additional information concerning entry and exit requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of the Russian Federation, Consular Section , 2641 Tunlaw Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20007, telephone (202) 939-8907, website - http://www.russianembassy.org  , or the Consulates in Houston (tel. 713-337-3300), New York (tel. 212-348-0926), San Francisco (tel. 415- 928-6878, 415-202-9800) or Seattle (tel. 206-728-1910).

In Russia, crime aimed at tourists is a growing problem.  As a visitor to Russia, be alert to your surroundings. 

Before you travel, read our articles on Pickpockets, Con Artists, and ATM safety in the ThereArePlaces Information Guide on Personal Safety for travelers.

Be alert and avoid the situations described below.

• Reports of unprovoked harassment against racial and ethnic minorities are increasing. In some instances, violence(including murder) has been involved, such as well-publicized cases in which African and Asian students have been beaten.
  • Travelers are urged to exercise caution in areas
    frequented by "skinhead" groups and wherever large crowds have gathered.
  • Americans most at risk are those of African, South Asian, or East Asian
    descent, or those, who because of their complexion, are perceived to be from
    the Caucasus region or the Middle East.
    • These Americans are also at risk for
      harassment by police authorities.
      
• In large cities, take the same precautions against assault, robbery, or pickpockets that you would take in any large U.S. city.
  • Be aware that women and small children, as well as men, can be pickpockets or purse-snatchers.
  • Groups of children and adolescents have been increasingly aggressive in some cities, swarming victims, or assaulting and knocking them down.
    • They frequently target persons who are perceived as vulnerable, especially elderly tourists or persons traveling alone.
    • Some victims report that the attackers use knives.
  • Persons carrying valuables in backpacks, in back pockets of pants, and in coat pockets are especially vulnerable to pickpockets.
  • Keep your billfold in an inner front pocket, carry your purse tucked securely under your arm, and wear the shoulder strap of your camera or bag across your chest.
  • Walk away from the curb and carry your purse away from the street.
  • The most vulnerable areas include underground walkways and the subway, overnight trains, train stations, airports, markets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotel rooms and residences -- even when locked or occupied.

Foreigners who have been drinking alcohol are especially vulnerable to assault and robbery in or around nightclubs or bars, or on their way home. Some travelers have been drugged at bars, while others have taken strangers back to their lodgings, where they were drugged, robbed and/or assaulted.

• In many cases involving stolen credit cards, thieves use them immediately. Victims of credit card or ATM card theft should report the theft to the credit card company or bank without delay.



• Travelers are advised to be vigilant in bus and train stations and on public transport.



• Always watch for pickpockets in these areas. Travelers have generally found it safer to travel in groups organized by reputable tour agencies.



• Robberies may occur in taxis shared with strangers.
  • Travelers should be aware that there
    are few registered taxi services in Russia and should be aware of the safety risks inherent in flagging down informal or "gypsy" cabs.
    
• Crime aboard overnight trains has occurred as thieves, on some trains, have been able to open locked compartment doors.



• Never hitchhike or accept rides from strangers.

To avoid highway crime, travelers should try not to drive at night, especially when alone.

• Never sleep in vehicles along the road. Do not, under any circumstances, pick up hitchhikers, who not only pose a threat to your physical safety, but also put you in danger of being arrested for unwittingly transporting narcotics or narcotics traffickers in your vehicle.



• Your vehicle can be confiscated if you are transporting marijuana or other narcotics.

It is not uncommon for foreigners in general to become victims of harassment, mistreatment, and extortion by law enforcement and other officials.

•  Authorities are concerned about these incidents and have cooperated in investigating such cases.



• Police do not need to show probable cause in order to stop, question, or detain individuals.



• Be wary of persons representing themselves as police or other local officials. Try to obtain the officer's name, badge number, and patrol car number, and note where it happened, as this information assists local officials in identifying the perpetrators.
•  Report crimes committed against you by persons presenting themselves as police or other governmental authorities to the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. Consulate.



• Some Americans have reported that they have been mistreated or victimized by the police themselves when reporting a crime or turning to the police for assistance. These reports range from the militia's refusal to take crime reports, to extortion and even assaults by police officers.

Extortion and corruption are common in the business environment. U.S. citizens are encouraged to report all extortion attempts to the Russian authorities and to inform consular officials at the U.S. Embassy or nearest Consulate.

Travelers should be aware that certain activities that would be normal business activities in the United States and other countries are either illegal under the Russian legal code or are considered suspect by the FSB (Federal Security Service).

• Americans should be particularly aware of potential risks involved in any commercial activity with the Russian military-industrial complex, including research institutes, design bureaus, and production facilities or other high technology, government-related institutions.



• Any misunderstanding or dispute in such transactions can attract the involvement of the security services and lead to investigation or prosecution for espionage.



• Rules governing the treatment of information remain poorly defined. During the last several years, there have been incidents involving the arrest and/or detention of U.S. citizens. While the U.S. Embassy has had consular access to these individuals, arrested Americans faced lengthy sentences -- sometimes in deplorable conditions -- when convicted.

A common scam in Russia is the "turkey drop", perpetrated mainly against foreigners at crowded tourist destinations, such as Red Square.

• Generally, two or more individuals working together attempt to lure a pedestrian into a confrontation after catching his/her attention by dropping a conspicuous wad of currency on the ground. Typically one individual "accidentally" drops the money on the ground in front of the pedestrian, while the second either waits for the money to be picked up by the pedestrian, or picks up the money himself and offers to split it with the pedestrian.



• The individual who dropped the currency generally returns around that time, aggressively accusing both his cohort and the pedestrian of stealing the money. This provokes a confrontation that may cause the pedestrian to remove their wallet to prove their innocence, generally resulting in the pedestrian's money being stolen.



• Westerners in Moscow are frequent targets of this scam. Avoidance is the best defense. Do not get trapped into picking up the money. As rapidly as possible, walk away from the scene.

The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of any crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance.

If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for assistance. The embassy/consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, to contact family members of friends, and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution for the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney

•  Great care should be taken to safeguard against the loss of airline tickets for Russian carriers. Generally, a central office must authorize the replacement of lost airline tickets, which can take 24 hours or more. In some cases, Americans who have lost their tickets just prior to their flights on local airlines have been forced to buy new full-fare tickets or miss the flight because replacements tickets were not authorized in time.
  

2.  When arriving in Russia travelers must declare all items of value on a customs form; the same form used during arrival in Russia must be presented to customs officials at the time of departure.

• Travelers may enter Russia with up to 10,000 U.S. dollars without submitting a customs declaration. They may now leave Russia with up to 3,000 U.S. dollars without submitting a customs declaration. Travelers may export up to 10,000 U.S. dollars by submitting a customs declaration form.



• In order to ensure one's ability to leave with valuable items (such as expensive jewelry) that were brought into the country, travelers should be sure to declare all such items upon arrival and receive a stamp on their customs declaration form. The stamped form will have to be submitted upon exit from Russia.
  • Lost or stolen customs forms should be reported to the Russian police, and a police report (spravka) should be obtained to present to customs officials upon departure. Often, however, the traveler will find that the lost customs declaration cannot be replaced. Travelers attempting to depart Russia with more money than allowed under customs regulations face possible detention, arrest, fines, and confiscation of currency.

3. Travelers should obtain receipts for all high-value items (including caviar) purchased in Russia. Any article that could appear old or as having cultural value to the customs service, including artwork, icons, samovars, rugs, military medals and antiques, must have a certificate indicating that it has no historical or cultural value. It is illegal to remove such items from Russia without this certificate. Certificates will not be granted for the export of articles that are more than 100 years old, no matter the value. These certificates may be obtained from the Russian Ministry of Culture

4.  Russia also has very strict rules on the importation of large quantities of medication: certain prescription and over the counter drugs that are common in the United States are prohibited in Russia and large quantities of any medicine will receive scrutiny. It is advisable to contact the Russian embassy or one of Russia's consulates for specific information regarding this or other customs regulations.

5.   The importation and use of Global Positioning Systems and other radio electronic devices are subject to special rules and regulations in Russia. In general, mapping and natural resource data collection activities associated with normal commercial and scientific collaboration may result in seizure of the associated equipment and/or arrest. The penalty for using a GPS device in a manner which is determined to compromise Russian National Security can be a prison term of ten to twenty years.

6.  The ruble is the only legal tender. It is illegal to pay for goods and services in U.S. dollars except at authorized retail establishments.
Worn U.S. bills or bills marked in any way are often not accepted at banks and exchange offices, even though this constitutes a violation of currency laws. Travelers may sporadically experience some difficulty in obtaining or exchanging dollars outside of major cities in Russia. Travelers need no longer bring large amounts of hard currency unless they expect to travel in rural areas. Outside of major cities, commercial enterprises still operate largely on a cash basis and travelers should plan accordingly.

7.  Credit card acceptance, while not universal, is rapidly spreading in Moscow and to a lesser extent in other large cities. However, it is not always predictable. Travelers should check in advance whether a specific store, restaurant, or hotel accepts credit cards. Travelers should know that for no apparent reason Russian credit card readers sometimes decline some valid credit cards. For this reasons, travelers should also have a back up (multiple cards or an ATM card) in case their card is not accepted. Automated Teller machines (ATMs) are plentiful throughout Moscow and to a lesser extent other large cities.

8.  As in any city, American citizens should only use ATMs in well-lit, populated places. Dark, deserted locations invite theft and attacks. In addition, ATM users in Russia are more susceptible to becoming victims of fraud than in the United States. To lessen the possibility of becoming a victim of ATM fraud, American citizens should use ATMs that are physically attached to an established banking institution. Avoid "stand-alone" machines found on street corners and in metro stations. ATM users should also monitor their bank accounts on a regular basis. Any irregular activity associated with unauthorized withdrawals should be reported immediately to the bank.

9. Holders of travelers' checks have reported problems having them accepted in many commercial enterprises and even some banks. Personal checks are rarely accepted in Russia.

10. ThereArePlaces makes every attempt to ensure that the travel information we present to you is current. Before you depart, be sure to check with official government sources to determine the status of critical information relating to a particular county.

While driving in Russia, you may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. We recommend that you do not drive in Russia.

The information below concerning Russia is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.

Safety of Public Transportation: Good
Urban Road Conditions/Maintenance: Poor
Rural Road Conditions/Maintenance: Poor
Availability of Roadside Assistance: Poor

In some areas of Russia roads are practically non-existent. Persons planning to drive in Russia should adhere to all local driving regulations. These are strictly enforced and violators are subject to severe legal penalties.

• In rural areas, it is not uncommon to find livestock crossing roadways at any given time.



• Construction sites or stranded vehicles are often unmarked by flares or other warning signals.



• Sometimes cars have only one headlight with many cars lacking brake lights. Bicycles seldom have lights or reflectors. Due to these road conditions, be prepared for sudden stops at any time.



• Learn about your route from an auto club, guidebook, or a government tourist office. Some routes have heavy truck and bus traffic; others have poor or nonexistent shoulders. In addition, some of the newer roads have very few restaurants, motels, gas stations or auto repair shops along their routes.



• For your safety, have your vehicle serviced and in optimum condition before you travel. It is wise to bring an extra fan belt, fuses, and other spare parts.



• Law enforcement checkpoints aimed at detecting narcotics, alien smuggling and firearms traffic are located at various places throughout the country. Many checkpoints are operated by uniformed officials; however, others will not be marked and are manned by police or military officers not in uniform. Traffic police sometimes stop motorists to extract cash "fines."



• Avoid excessive speed and, if at all possible, do not drive at night.

  Speed Limits in Russia:

  1. Built-up areas - 60 km/h
  
  
  
  2. Outside Built up areas (including  dual carriageways) - 90 km/h
  3. Motorways - 110 km/h

  Our information on speed limits is as current as possible. Always confirm the speed limits with your rental car agent and observe the posted speeds limits whenever and wherever you drive.

Tourists driving rented vehicles should pay close attention to the provisions of their rental contracts.  Failure to do so could result in fines or confiscation of the car during your travels.  Make sure that you are familiar with the terms, restrictions and costs related to your car rental (see our article on Rental Car Costs).

A valid U.S. driver's license with a notarized Russian translation of it or a valid Russian license is necessary to drive a vehicle in Russia. Tourists may use International driver's licenses issued by the American Automobile Association to drive in Russia. Travelers without a valid license are often subject to prolonged stops by police and fines.

Drivers must carry third party liability insurance under a policy valid in Russia. U.S. automobile liability insurance is not valid in Russia nor are most collision and comprehensive coverage policies issued by U.S. companies. A good rule of thumb is to buy coverage equivalent to that which you carry in the United States.

ThereArePlaces recommends that you do not drink and drive.  Russia practices a zero tolerance policy with regard to alcohol consumption prior to d Penalties and punishments are significant. See our article on drinking and driving in foreign countries for more information.  Drivers should be aware that Russia practices a zero tolerance policy with regard to alcohol consumption prior to driving.

For information on obtaining international drivers licenses, contact AAA or the American Automobile Touring Alliance. For additional general information about road safety, including links to foreign government sites, see the Bureau of Consular Affairs Internet home page at. http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/safety/safety_1179.html#safety

For specific information concerning Russian driving permits, vehicle inspection, road tax and mandatory insurance, contact the Russia national tourist organization offices in New York via the Internet at http://www.russia-travel.com .

Medical care in Russia is below western standards, with shortages of basic medical supplies and equipment and inferior standards of care and hygiene.

The few "quality" facilities in Moscow that approach acceptable standards have limited spaces and do not accept all cases (i.e., they may reject cases of infectious illnesses or trauma). Access to these facilities usually requires cash payment at western rates upon admission.

The U.S. embassy and consulates maintain lists of such facilities and English-speaking doctors. Many resident Americans travel to the west for their medical needs.

Travelers should check their insurance coverage and purchase supplemental coverage for medical evacuation. A medical evacuation from Russian can cost between 50,000 to 100,000 U.S. dollars, depending on the complexity of the situation.

Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at particular risk. Elective surgery and non-essential blood transfusions are not recommended, due to uncertainties surrounding the local blood supply.

Most hospitals and clinics in major urban areas have adopted the use of disposable syringes as standard practice; however, travelers to remote regions should bring a supply of sterile, disposable syringes for eventualities.

Travelers should refrain from visiting tattoo parlors or piercing services due to the risk of infection. Rates of HIV infection have risen markedly in recent years. While most prevalent among intravenous drug users, prostitutes, and their clients, the HIV/AIDS rate in the general population is increasing.

Outbreaks of diphtheria and Hepatitis A have been reported throughout the country, even in large cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg. The U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend up-to-date tetanus -diphtheria immunizations before traveling to Russia and neighboring countries.

Reported cases of syphilis are much higher than in the U.S., and some sources suggest that gonorrhea and Chlamydia are also more prevalent than in Western Europe or the U.S. Travelers should be aware of the related health and legal risks and take all appropriate measures.

Tourists in frail health are strongly advised not to visit Russia because of the harsh conditions and lack of adequate medical facilities

We strongly urge you to consult your medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation. U.S. medical insurance plans seldom cover health costs incurred outside the United States unless supplemental coverage is purchased. Further, U.S. Medicare and Medicaid programs do not provide payment for medical services outside the United States. However, many travel agents and private companies offer insurance plans that will cover health care expenses incurred overseas including emergency services such as medical evacuations.

When making a decision regarding health insurance, you should consider that many foreign doctors and hospitals require payment in cash prior to providing medical service and that a medical evacuation to the U.S. may cost in excess of $50,000. Uninsured travelers who require medical care overseas often face extreme difficulties. When consulting with your insurer prior to your departure, please ascertain whether payment will be made to the overseas healthcare provider or if you will be reimbursed later for expenses you incur.

Your existing medical insurance carrier may cover "customary and reasonable" medical care while you are abroad. Usually, if reimbursement is provided, it is paid at a reduced rate (due to the use of an "out of system" provider). Check with your insurance carrier before you depart to determine the type and amount of coverage that may be provided. If coverage is provided, be sure to ask how claims should be filed and ask them to send some claim forms, in case you require any medical treatment while on vacation.

Read our article on  travel insurance to learn the factors that you should consider before you purchase or decline to purchase a travel related insurance policy.

ThereArePlaces Information Guide on Health contains valuable health related advice for the traveler considering a trip abroad.